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THE NANOGRANULAR NATURE OF SHALE
(Ulm, F.-J., Abousleiman, Y. Acta Geotechnica, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 77-88)
Abstract:
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| Despite their ubiquitous presence as sealing formations in hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs affecting many fields of exploitation, the source of anisotropy of this earth material is still an enigma that has deceived many decoding attempts from experimental and theoretical sides. Sedimentary rocks, such as shales, are made of highly compacted clay particles of sub-micrometer size, nanometric porosity and different mineralogy. In this paper, we present, for the first time, results from a new experimental technique that allows one to rationally assess the elasticity content of the highly heterogeneous clay fabric of shales from nano- and microindentation. Based on the statistical analysis of massive nanoindentation tests, we find (1) that the in-situ elasticity content of the clayfabric at a scale of a few hundred to thousands nanometers is almost an order of magnitude smaller than reported clay stiffness values of clay minerals, and (2) that the elasticity and the anisotropy scale linearly with the clay packing density beyond a percolation threshold of roughly 50%. Furthermore, we show that the elasticity content sensed by nano- and microindentation tests is equal to the one that is sensed by (small strain) velocity measurements. From those observations, we conclude that shales are nanogranular composite materials, whose mechanical properties are governed by particle-to-particle contact and by characteristic packing densities, and that the much stiffer mineral properties play a secondary role. |
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